FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER
by Shivajirao Jadhav , Mumbai
Marks: 12 (18)
A digital computer is a multipurpose, programmable machine that reads binary instructions from memory, accepts binary data as input and processes data according to the instructions and provides result as output.
Basic Blocks of computer:
Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the computers.
The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is the one of the most commonly used input device.
Other commonly used input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the input devices perform the following functions.
• Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
• Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
• Supply the converted data to the computer system for further processing.
CPU (Central Processing Unit):
The control unit and arithmetic logic unit of computer are together known as central processing unit (CPU).
The CPU is brain of the computer.
It performs all calculations, it takes all decisions, and it controls all units of a computer.
1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit:
The function of an Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
The arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and logical operations such as AND, OR, NOT, Exclusive OR are performed by ALU.
It is the place where the actual execution of instructions takes place during processing operation. All calculations and comparisons are made in the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU).
2. The Control Unit:
It controls all other units in a computer. It tells other parts of the computer system what to do.
The control unit instructs the input unit where to store the data after receiving it from user. It controls the flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU).
It does not perform any actual processing of data. It manages and coordinates the entire computer system.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of a computer holds data and instructions that are entered through the input unit.
It stores programs, data as well as intermediate results and results for output. Its main function is to store information.
It is divided into two parts-primary storage and secondary storage.
1. The Primary Memory (Main Memory):
This memory is generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the computer, the data being received from input device, the intermediate and final results of a program.
The primary memory is temporary in nature. The data is lost when the computer is switched off. Primary storage has limited storage capacity because it is very expensive and generally made up of semiconductor devices.
2. The Secondary Memory (Auxiliary Memory):
It is a mass storage memory, slower but cheaper. It is non-volatile in nature i.e. data is not lost even if the power supply is switched off.
Some of the most commonly used secondary storage devices are Hard Disk, Compact Disk etc. Their access time is in milliseconds.
It stores data permanently as long as it is not being erased from the memory. It is often found physically outside the computer system
Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU), plotters are the commonly used output devices.
Other commonly used output devices are floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.
Memories in Computers:
Computer memories are classified into two types-
Primary memory
Secondary memory
Primary Memory:
All the information that CPU use, is stored and accessible from the primary memory. All the information stored in a primary memory is easily accessible.
It is easily readable and writable through CPU. Its basic component is semiconductor transistor. It stores bit ‘1’ while conducting and stores bit ‘0’ during non conducting state. Semiconductor memory is compact, reliable and economical.
Random Access Memory (RAM):
It is volatile memory. Contents in RAM are lost as soon as computer is turned off or power is cut off. RAM is readable and writable memory. Memory cell can be selected randomly. Types of RAM are-
Static RAM: This uses flip-flops. In static RAM data is stored as long as power is applied. This memory part consumes more power and is costlier. They do not read refreshing circuit and speed is high.
Dynamic RAM: This uses MOSFETs and capacitors that store data. In dynamic RAM information is stored temporarily. It loses contents within very short period of time. So it requires refreshing circuit. These are cheaper having high packaging density and consume less power.
Cache memory: This is very fast semiconductor memory. It is used to store most frequently accessed information. When needed CPU can quickly access the information from cache. This memory is also called as ‘scratchpad memory’.
Read Only Memory:
This memory is used for reading stored information only. Information is stored in RAM during manufacturing time. Information is stored permanently and cannot be altered. The information can be read and transferred elsewhere. ROM is cheaper than RAM. ROM contains operating system of computer that needs for its operation. Types of ROMs are-
PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory): PROM is used to record information using a facility known as ‘PROM programmer’. Once the information is recorded, it cannot be changed. This information is stored permanently i.e. PROM becomes ROM.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): The stored information can be erased by passing ultra violet rays through a quartz window on chip. It means it can be reprogrammed using special programmer facility. When EPROM is in use in computer it acts as ROM. For erasing information and reprogramming, it needs to be taken out of computer.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory): For erasing the program instead of ultra violet light, electrical pulses are used. It can erase information completely or change the information. Writing to EEPROM is slower than writing to RAM. So it can not be used in high speed circuits.
Secondary Memory:
It is slow and the cheapest form of memory. CPU cannot process this memory directly. First it has to be copied into the primary memory.
It stores data permanently as long as it is not being erased from the memory. Examples are the floppy disk, hard disk, CD, DVD, USB drives and memory cards etc.
1. Hard Disk:
Hard disk or hard drive can store a large capacity of data. Its range is from 80GB to Terabytes now.
The hard drive is actually made of many magnetic plates coated with metallic oxide, and all the data is stored on these plates.
These are available in different sizes. It is permanently fixed in the disk drive unit of microcomputers.
The tracks on hard disk are closely spaced concentric circles. The number of tracks varies from 200 to 800.
In read/write operation, the access arm does physically touch the disk surface. It floats above the surface. But it is close enough to detect magnetized data.
2. Pen drive:
It is a USB flash drive which allows user to transfer data to and from computer quickly.
User can easily read and write the data on pen drive by plugging it into USB port of computer. It is compact and easily fit into pocket.
They run without battery. It draws power from USB connection. It is flash memory having no moving part. Storage capacity of pen drive is 1GB to 100GB.
It consists of electronic circuit board. It is a memory chip which holds data.
3. Memory Card:
A memory card or flash card is an electronic flash memory data storage device used for storing digital information.
These are commonly used in portable electronic devices, such as digital cameras, mobile phones, laptop computers, tablets, portable media players, video game consoles, synthesizers, electronic keyboards, and digital pianos.
It is developed by Tosshiba, Panosonic and SanDisk. Its size is same as post stamp and weighs 2 grams. Its memory capacity is high, speed transmission rate is high and excellent security. Memory capacity is from 8MB to 64GB.
Applications:
Used in digital cameras to save photos and videos.
Used in digital camcorder.
Used in mobile phones to save data, photos and videos.
Used in multimedia players, MP3 player, DVD players etc.
Overview of Motherboard:
A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a computer that connects the different parts of a computer together.
It has sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards like discrete graphics cards, sound cards, network cards, storage cards, TV tuner card etc.
Sockets for these cards are called Personal Computer Interface (PCI) slots. It also hooks up to hard drives, disc drives and front panel ports with cables and wires.
The CPU, memory, hard drives, and other ports and expansion cards all connect to the motherboard directly or via cables.
Motherboard Components/Parts:
This includes video cards, sound cards, hard drives, optical drives, the CPU, RAM sticks, USB ports, a power supply, etc. On the motherboard are also expansion slots, jumpers, capacitors, device power and data connections, fans, heat sinks, and screw holes.
Central Processing Unit (CPU): CPU is the computer's brain. It fetches, decodes and executes program instructions as well as performs mathematical and logical calculations.
Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM, usually refers to computer chips that temporarily store data.
Basic Input/output System (BIOS): BIOS is a "read only" memory. All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the main system memory.
Complimentary Metal Oxide Semiconductor RAM (CMOS RAM): Motherboards also include a small separate block of memory made from CMOS RAM chips which is kept alive by a battery (known as a CMOS battery) even when the PC’s power is off.
Cache Memory: Cache memory is a small block of high-speed memory.
Chipsets: A chipset is a group of small circuits that coordinate the flow of data to and from a PC's key components like CPU , the main memory, the cache
CPU Clock: The CPU clock synchronizes the operation of all parts of the PC and provides the basic timing signal for the CPU.
North Bridge and South Bridge: The North Bridge is the memory controller which controls transfers between the processor and the RAM. It is located physically near the processor. The South Bridge is input/output controller or expansion controller. It handles communications between slower peripheral devices.
Ports: These are the sockets attached to motherboard. It is used to connect external devices to the cards placed in slots of motherboard. There are different types of standard ports.
Serial Port: It is used to connect external modems, mouse, keyboard and other devices to system. In serial port, data sent bit by bit at 115KBPS.
Parallel Port: It is used to connect scanners, printers etc. It is used to sent or receive data over long distances. It send s8-bits at a time.
Universal Serial Bus (or USB) Port: It is advance as compared to serial and parallel ports, It can connect all kinds of external USB devices such as external hard disk, printer, scanner, mouse, keyboard, etc. Data travels at 12 megabits per seconds. USB compliant devices can get power from a USB port.
VGA Port: It is used to connect monitor to a computer's video card. It has 15 holes. However, serial port connector has pins, VGA port has holes.
Fire wire Port: It transfers large amount of data at very fast speed. It is used to connect camcorders and video equipment to the computer. Data travels at 400 to 800 MBPS.
Modem Port: Connects a PC's modem to the telephone network.
Ethernet Port: Connects to a network and high speed Internet. It connects the network cable to a computer.
Game Port: Connect a joystick to a PC
Digital Video Interface ( DVI port): Connects Flat panel LCD monitor to the computer's high-end video graphic cards.
Sockets: Sockets connect the microphone and speakers to the sound card of the computer.
Specifications of Computer:
Manufacturer specifies some specifications for desktop or laptop computer. General specifications are as follows-
Processor - dual core 2.4 GHz+ (i5 or i7 series Intel processor or equivalent AMD)
RAM - 16 GB
Hard Drive - 256 GB or larger solid state hard drive
Graphics Card - any with Display Port/HDMI or DVI support - desktop only
Monitor - 23" widescreen LCD with Display Port/HDMI or DVI support - desktop only
Operating System - Windows 10 Home or Professional editions, or Apple OS X 10.12.3
Warranty - 3 year warranty - desktop only
Backup Device - External hard drive and/or USB Flash Drive
Keyboard: 110 Keys
Speaker: 160W PMPO
Storage Device: 500GB hard disk drive and combo DVD-RW/CD-RW drive
Mouse: 3 button internet mouse
Computer Assembly and Installation of Peripheral Devices:
Necessary parts for computer assembly-
Power Supply/PSU
Computer case
Motherboard/main board (SATA capable)
Processor/CPU
Storage - (Hard disk drive)
GPU/Graphics Card/GPU
Speakers
Tools required for computer assembly-
A Phillips screwdriver.
A flathead screwdriver.
Wire cutter/stripper
Knife
Needle nose pliers
A 5mm socket wrench
A flashlight
Alcohol 91% pure or Acetone for cleaning and cooling
Grounding strap
Heat sink
Steps:
Open the case: Open the computer case by removing the side panels. Find the screws that hold the side panels in place and remove them.
Prepare the case for assembly: Remove any parts or packaging materials that may have been shipped inside the case. Remove the cover for the optical drive. Make note of the cables pre-installed in the case. These should be front panel connections for features such as the power switch, audio jacks and usb ports.
Ground Yourself: Put the grounding strap on your wrist and connect the other end to the computer case. If your strap is not equipped with a clip to hook to the case, find a place to wedge against the metal. This will prevent any buildup of static electricity on your body from damaging the computer components.
Install Motherboard:
Install the I/O bezel plate into the opening in the back of the case .It pushes in from the inside.
Install standoffs (spacers) in the case. The standoffs screw into the motherboard mounting holes. Check the screw holes locations on the motherboard for exact placement.
Lower the motherboard into the case and align with the I/O bezel.
Install the screws.
Install hard drive:
Find a 3.5" drive bay to install the drive in.
Slide the drive into place until the screw holes on the sides are lined up with the holes in the case.
Install the screws.
Install Optical Drive: The optical drive is 5.25" wide and is installed in the drive bay that we removed the cover from in a previous step.
Install CPU:
Find the corner marking that designates pin 1 of the. On this AMD brand processor, the corner is marked with an arrow. Consult the manufacturer's documentation for specific information about your processor.
Lift the small metal rod next to the socket.
Find the corresponding marking on the CPU socket and insert the CPU so that the markings are lined up.
Push the rod down to lock the processor in place.
Install RAM:
Set the RAM board in the socket as shown. Check to see that the notch in the board is in the correct location. If it is not, turn it around 180º.
Press firmly on both ends of the board to set it into the socket. Make sure the tabs lock into place.
Install CPU fan: Set the fan assembly on the CPU with mounting tabs aligned. Connect the fan assembly's power connector to the motherboard.
Install Case fan: The case fan is usually installed on the back panel of the case.
Install Power Supply: Align the mounting holes in the case and power supply
Connect cables:
Every device that has been installed needs power. The motherboard has two power connections, and there are two connectors specifically for SATA devices (drives). The other connectors will run fans and other non-SATA devices.
Data cables connect drives and front panel devices to the motherboard.
Wrap up: Reinstall the side panels on the case. The computer is now ready to be turned on and to have software loaded on it.
Installation of printer:
Connect the printer to the computer either using a USB cable, parallel port cable and then connect the power plug to a power outlet.
After everything has been plugged in turn the computer on.
Insert the CD that came with the printer. Open My Computer, double-click on the CD drive, and then click the Setup or Install file. Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
Test the printer to make sure it is working.
Installation of scanner:
Plug in scanner's power source using dedicated power cable that connects to a power outlet.
Connect the scanner to computer using the supplied cables, which will be USB cables.
If a CD is provided for the scanner, insert it in CD drive and click next.
Follow the installation wizard and once completed your software is installed.
Installation of web camera:
Plug the webcam's USB cable into one of the rectangular USB ports on the side or back of computer.
Insert the CD that came with the webcam in computer's CD drive.
Webcam's setup page opens automatically. Follow any on-screen instructions
Wait for webcam to finish installing.
Installation of speakers:
Turn off the computer. Plug the speakers into the power socket.
Push the 3.5mm jack of the speakers into audio socket of computer which backside of computer tower. Socket is connected to sound card of motherboard.
Turn on computer and speakers and adjust the volume control.
Test the sound connection by opening any audio or MP3 file in the PC.
Trouble shooting:
Troubleshooting is the process of finding out how to solve a computer problem. Before solving problem we have to find which section or part is malfunctioning.
General tips to keep in Mind:
Write down your steps: Once you start troubleshooting, you may want to write down each step you take. This way, you'll be able to remember exactly what you' have done and can avoid repeating the same mistakes. If you end up asking other people for help, it will be much easier if they know exactly what you've tried already.
Take notes about error messages: If your computer gives you an error message, be sure to write down as much information as possible. You may be able to use this information later to find out if other people are having the same error.
Always check the cables: If you're having trouble with a specific piece of computer hardware, such as your monitor or keyboard, an easy first step is to check all related cables to make sure they're properly connected.
Restart the computer: When all else fails, restarting the computer is a good thing to try. This can solve a lot of basic issues you may experience with your computer.
Solutions to common problems:
Problem 1: Power button will not start computer
Solution 1: If your computer does not start, begin by checking the power cord to confirm that it is plugged securely into the back of the computer case and the power outlet.
Solution 2: If it is plugged into an outlet, make sure it is a working outlet. To check your outlet, you can plug in another electrical device, such as a lamp.
Solution 3: If the computer is plugged in to a surge protector, verify that it is turned on. You may have to reset the surge protector by turning it off and then back on. You can also plug a lamp or other device into the surge protector to verify that it's working correctly.
Solution 4: If you are using a laptop, the battery may not be charged. Plug the AC adapter into the wall, then try to turn on the laptop. If it still doesn't start up, you may need to wait a few minutes and try again.
Problem 2: Application is running slowly
Solution 1: Close and reopen the application.
Solution 2: Update the application. To do this, click the Help menu and look for an option to check for Updates. If you don't find this option, another idea is to run an online search for application updates.
Problem 3: All programs on the computer run slowly
Solution 1: Run a virus scanner. You may have malware running in the background that is slowing things down.
Solution 2: Your computer may be running out of hard drive space. Trydeleting any files or programs you don't need.
Solution 3: If you're using a PC, you can run Disk Defragmenter.
Problem 4: Application is frozen/computer is frozen
Solution 1: Force quit the application. On a PC, you can press (and hold) Ctrl+Alt+Delete or reset computer.
Problem 5: The mouse or Keyboard has stopped working
Solution 1: If you're using a wired mouse or keyboard, make sure it's correctly plugged into the computer.
Solution 2: If you're using a wireless mouse or keyboard, make sure it's turned on and that its batteries are charged.
Problem 6: The sound is not working
Solution 1: Check the volume level. Click the audio button in the top-right or bottom-right corner of the screen to make sure the sound is turned on and that the volume is up.
Solution 2: Check the audio player controls. Many audio and video players will have their own separate audio controls. Make sure the sound is turned on and that the volume is turned up in the player.
Solution 3: Check the cables. Make sure external speakers are plugged in, turned on, and connected to the correct audio port or a USB port. If your computer has color-coded ports, the audio output port will usually be green.
Solution 4: Connect headphones to the computer to find out if you can hear sound through the headphones.
Problem 7: The screen is blank
Solution 1: The computer may be in Sleep mode. Click the mouse or press any key on the keyboard to wake it.
Solution 2: Make sure the monitor is plugged in and turned on.
Solution 3: Make sure the computer is plugged in and turned on.
Solution 4: If you're using a desktop, make sure the monitor cable is properly connected to the computer tower and the monitor.
Problem 8: Computer keeps up restarting
Solution 1: Take a look and see if the restart process mentions “Updating Windows”, if so – just have some patience, it’s worth it.
Solution 2: Clean the dust that accumulated inside the box.
Problem 9: Printer is not working
Solution 1: Check if printer is ON, cable connections
Solution 2: Check ink, paper jam, papers in tray and updated drivers
Solution 3: Turn off the printer and turn on again
AMC (Annual Maintenance Contract):
Any machine or product consisting moving part requires periodic servicing and maintenance.
A regular computer maintenance service is probably the simplest and most effective way to keep computer running in top condition.
A computer AMC is a contract that ensures periodic upkeep and maintenance of computer’s hardware and software, and fixing any related problems that may arise during the tenure of the contract.
Another advantage of having an Annual Maintenance Contract AMC is the comparatively low cost for repairing a PC.
Without an AMC in place, repairing of computers could be costly An AMC ensures that it does not need to pay a huge bill every time when computers need repairing.
There are two types of AMCs 1) Comprehensive 2) Non-comprehensive
Comprehensive AMC Terms
Contract is non-transferable.
Contract will be for 12 months on site.
Three Preventive Maintenance will be provided during contract.
The calls will be attended within 24 hours from lodging complaints.
Full amount has to be paid in advance at time of renewal.
The complaints will be attended from 10 a.m. to 6.p.m. except Sundays, bank holidays, public holidays.
In case the problem is not solved at site the party has to bear the cost of transportation & duties (if applicable).
Comprehensive AMC includes replacement of faulty spares. It is ideal for urgent work Non comprehensive AMC is ideal for big computer installation base.
Upgradation:
Upgrading is the process of replacing a product with a newer version of the same product that improves its performance.
In computing an upgrade is generally a replacement of hardware and software with a newer or better version.
Examples of common hardware upgrades include installing additional memory (RAM), adding larger hard disks, replacing microprocessor cards or graphics cards, and installing new versions of software. Many other upgrades are possible as well.
Common software upgrades include changing the version of an operating system, of an office suite, of an anti-virus program, or of various other tools.
Benefits of a hardware upgrade:
Performance increase, which make the overall computer run faster and more smoothly.
Capacity increase. For example, adding a larger hard drive allows the computer to store more information. Adding more memory increases the computers ability to run more programs efficiently.
It may be necessary to upgrade the computer to meet a program or games system requirements.
Benefits of software upgrade:
New features not available or found in previous versions.
Often, the new version of a program has better stability and increased performance.
After so long an older software program will be discontinued and often no longer supported.
Computer Security:
Computer security, also known as cyber security or IT security, is the protection of computer systems from the theft or damage to their hardware, softer or information as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide.
Cyber security includes controlling physical access to the hardware, as well as protecting against harm that may come via network access, data and code injection.
Also, due to malpractice by operators, whether intentional, accidental, IT security is susceptible to being tricked into deviating from secure procedures through various methods.
The field is of growing importance due to the increasing reliance on computer systems and the Internet, wireless networks such as Bluetooth and Wi-Fi, and the growth of "smart" devices, including smart phones, televisions and tiny devices as part of the Internet of Things.
In the computer industry, the term security -- or the phrase computer security -- refers to techniques for ensuring that data stored in a computer cannot be read or compromised by any individuals without authorization.
Most computer security measures involve data encryption and passwords. Data encryption is the translation of data into a form that is unintelligible without a deciphering mechanism.
A password is a secret word or phrase that gives a user access to a particular program or system.
Laptop:
A laptop computer, sometimes called a notebook computer by manufacturers, is a battery- or AC-powered personal computer generally smaller than a briefcase.
It can easily be transported and conveniently used in temporary spaces such as on airplanes, in libraries, temporary offices, and at meetings.
A laptop typically weighs less than 3Kg and is 3 inches or less in thickness. Among the best-known makers of laptop computers are IBM, Apple, Compaq, Dell, HP and Toshiba.
Laptop computers generally cost more than desktop computers with the same capabilities because they are more difficult to design and manufacture.
They have a battery which allows them to operate without being plugged into a power outlet.
Laptops also include a power adapter that allows them to use power from an outlet and recharges the battery.
Laptop includes all capabilities of desktop. It includes display screen, small speakers, a keyboard, touchpad, a processor and memory in single unit.
It also has in built webcam and microphone.
Advantages of laptop:
Portable
Instant use/Immediacy
Gets more work done
Small size
Low power consumption
Quiter than desktop
Up to date information
Disadvantages of laptop:
Higher price
Frequent upgradation required
Highly insecure
Costly repairing
Less durability
Smaller screen
Questions
Marks wise Questions: 1M(5), 3M(1), 4M(1), 6M(1)
1. Fill in the blanks with given alternatives.
--------unit converts data and program instructions into a format that is understandable by computer.
(i) Input (ii) Output (iii) Control (iv) Memory
---------- is input device of computer.
(i) Printer (ii) Monitor (iii) Keyboard (iv) Mouse
------- is a sequential access secondary storage.
(i) Floppy disk (ii) Hard disk (iii) CD-ROM (iv) Magnetic tape
The-------is ultraviolet erasable memory
(i) RAM (ii) ROM (iii) PROM (iv) EPROM
Contents in -----are lost as soon as computer is turned off or power is cut off.
(i) RAM (ii) ROM (iii) PROM (iv) EPROM
--------is secondary memory.
(i) RAM (ii) ROM (iii) PROM (iv) Hard disk
Semiconductor memory is called as ------- memory.
(i) Primary (ii) Secondary (iii) Auxiliary
Operating system of computer is stored in----------
(i) Static RAM (ii) Dynamic RAM (iii) ROM
Computer memory space is expressed in ------------.
(i) Bit (ii) Nibble (iii) Byte (iv) Giga byte
A -------- is an electronic flash memory data storage device
(i) RAM (II) ROM (iii) Memory card
Input device to control cursor on screen is --------
(i) Printer (ii) Keyboard (iii) Mouse
---------- is brain of computer.
(i) CPU (ii) ALU (iii) Memory
A --------- is the main circuit board inside a computer
(i) RAM (ii)ROM (iii) Motherboard
---------is volatile or read/write memory.
(i) RAM (ii)ROM (iii) PROM
------ is the protection of computer systems from the theft or damage.
------- printer is high quality, high speed printer.
--------is used to produce graphical images.
Address bus is -----------.
(i) Unidirectional (ii) Bidirectional (iii) Omni directional
The data bus is -----------
(i) Unidirectional (ii) Bidirectional (iii) Omni directional
----------memory is very fast memory.
(i) Cache (ii) Magnetic tape (iii) Card
2. Answer the following.
Draw block diagram of computer and explain function of each block.
Write the names of input and output devices of computer.
Write types of primary memory memories.
Explain volatile memory/RAM. State and explain its types.
What is Read Only Memory? State and explain its types.
Write a short note on (i)floppy disk (ii) hard disk (iii) magnetic tape (iv) Pen drive (v) Memory card.
What is motherboard? Explain it.
Explain different components of motherboard.
Explain specification (configuration) of computer.
Write necessary parts for computer assembly.
Write necessary tools for computer assembly.
State and explain necessary steps of computer assembly.
Explain installation of
1. Printer 2. Scanner 3. Web camera 4. Speaker
Write general tips to keep in mind while computer trouble shooting.
Give solutions for following problems in compute-
Power button does not work
All programs on computer run slowly
No sound
Mouse/keyboard not working
Blank screen
Computer restarts
Printer not working
What is computer AMC? Explain it.
Explain need of computer upgradation.
State benefits of hardware upgradation and software upgradation.
Write a note on computer security.
Write a note on laptop.
State advantages and disadvantages of laptop.
